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| who/what | when | where | why (cause) | significance (result) |
| Etruscans | - 392 Etruscan city destroyed by Romans. Triumph arch errected. | Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio. | Etruscans overlords of Romans | Etruscan kings and nobles attacked by Brutus after the attack on the honorable, matron Lucretia, resulting in the Freedom of the Romans. 1 |
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| Republic Established | 509-27 BC | Rome |
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| Cinnitatus | consul in 460 BC and dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC |
| Rome under attack; asked to become "dictator" | relinquished when threat gone |
| Celts from Gaul (present day France) "Barbarians" | 387 BC | Rome | Gauls pushed out of their homeland; asked for territory in Italy; refused; Rome sacked; Rome paid all for Celts to move on. | Celts destroyed Rome; Romans learned ... |
| Camillus, | 368 | Rome | appointed dictator at age 80 | caused patrician assent to plebeians demands; build the temple at Concord. 2 |
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| Latium | 338 BC | Latium |
| Rome controls Latium |
| Po Valley | 268 BC | Po Valley, Italy |
| Rome controls south of Po Valley |
| First Punic War | 264-241 BC | Sicily | Rome v. Carthage | Most of Sicily made the first Province of Rome |
| Carthage | 238 BC | Sardinia & Corsica |
| Sardinia & Corsica taken from Carthage |
| Second Punic War | 218-202 BC |
| Rome v. Carthage | 218 Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy.218-216 Victories of Hannibal; ended in defeat of Hannibal |
| Plautus (playwright) | 218-202 CKON |
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| Earliest major works of Latin literature preserved |
| Ptolemy IV | d. 204 BC | Egypt |
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| Antiochus III | 201-198 BC | takes Palestine |
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| Rome defeats Macedon, Philip V | 200-197 |
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| Rome subjugates Spain | 195-179, 154-133 |
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| Cato | 184 |
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| Censored |
| Sewers | 184 | Rome |
| Sewer system cost: 1,000 talents |
| Aquileia | 181 |
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| foundation of |
| Conquest south of Alps | 181 | Italy |
| The territory of Carthage becomes the Roman province of "Africa" The Punic agriculture writings are ordered by the Roman Senate to be translated into Latin |
| direct taxation | 167 | Rome |
| end of direct taxation for Roman Citizens |
| most of Greece & Macedonia taken; raze of Corinth; third Punic war; Carthage destroyed; | 149-146 |
| Rome v. Carthage | The territory of Carthage becomes the Roman province of "Africa" The Punic agriculture writings are ordered by the Roman Senate to be translated into Latin |
| Aqueduct | 144 | Rome | into of hydraulic cement | first aqueduct of high-level built |
| Julius Caesar, general & "caesar" | c. 100 - assassinated 15th March 44 BC | Rome |
| *reforms attempted to save ailing republic * self-appointed absolute ruler. 4 |
| (born Gaius Octavius) Octavian / Augustus, first Roman Emperor | 63 BC-AD 14 (r. 31 BC - AD 14) | Rome |
| *declared 'Exalted One' & first citizen by the Senate. * First ruler of the Pax Romana. 4,6 |
| Livy, historian | 59 BC - AD 17 | Rome | sought to find noble beginnings of Rome | wrote the history of Rome on wax tablets |
| Battle of Actium, naval engagement | 31 BC | Ionian Sea near the city of Actium, (off the western coast of Greece) | Octavian (Augustus) defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. 6 | Octavian (Augustus) now undisputed ruler of Rome. 6 |
| The Roman Empire | 31 BC - AD 476 |
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| 7 |
| Octavian takes the name Augustus "peaceful" "serene" | 27 BC | Rome | Roman Republic ends | Augustus founds the Roman Empire.4 |
| Vergil (Virgil), poet | 19 BC | Rome | publication of Aeneid, epic poem of Rome. 7 |
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| Jesus | c 6-4 BC- c.3rd April AD 33 | Nazareth | "the Christ" | Beginning of Christianity 8 |
| Ovid, poet | AD 8 | | mocked Roman Emperor Augustus's moral reforms. 6 | exile. 6 |
| Varian disaster | AD 9 | (Germany) | 3 of an overall 28 Roman legions annihilated. 6 | Romans abandoned the area east of the Rhine to the 'barbarians' of the frontier. 6 |
| Saint Paul; The Gospels; The Gnostics | AD ca. 40-95 |
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| Hadrian (Patheon) | AD 117-138 |
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| Marcus Aurelius | AD 121 -AD 180 |
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| last great emperor of Pax Romana 4 |
| Diocletian | AD245 -AD 316 |
| Divides Roman empire into eastern and western parts, AD 286 | 4, 7 |
| Constantine | AD 280 (?) - AD 337 | Rome then Constantinople |
| * Edict of Milan; * Moved capital to Constantiople. 4 |
| Edit of Milan | February AD 313 | Milan |
| granted Christians toleration within the Roman Empire. 4 |
| Constantinople | AD 330 | Constantinople | Emperor Constantine founds Constantinople (Istanbul) 7 | Capital of Roman Empire moves eastward. 4 |
| Christianity | AD 380 | Roman Empire |
| Official religion. 4 |
| Odoacer, Germanic leader | AD 476 |
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| dethrones last Roman emperor. 4 |
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| Endnotes: |
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| 1 Garraty, John and Peter Gay editors. The Columbia History of the World. Evanston: Harper & Row, 1972 pp.190-249. |
| 6. bbc + history + historic figures + Augustus (63 BC - AD 14) |
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| 2 Johnson, Rossiter LL.D., editor-in-chief. The Great Events by Famous Historians. V. II The National Alumni. 1905 pp.166-408 |
| 7 "An Overview of Western Civilization" "00westciv.pdf" download 29 slides. |
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| 3. Copeland, Lewis editor. High School Subjects Self Taught. Vol. I Chicago: JG Ferguson Publishing, 1967. pp. 25-45 |
| 8 http://www.thenazareneway.com/date_of_birth_and_death_of_jesus.htm |
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| 4 Ellis Elisabeth Gaynor and Anthony Esler. World History. Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 2009. pp. 148-183. |
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| 5 Sherman Dennis and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. New York: McGraw Hill Education. 5th ed. pp.102-129 |
| compiled by Mrs. Julie Richey, M.A. |
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