_______________________________________________________________________
Chapter 6: Western
Kingdoms, Byzantium, and the Islamic World, ca. 376-1000
_______________________________________________________________________
The Making of Western
Kingdoms, ca. 376-750
·
Germanic
Clan and Family; Heroic Society
·
Infiltrate
the Roman Empire 376-476
o Huns carrying compound cross-bows
galloped out of the east starting in 375 on small, seemingly tireless ponies
o Federate treaties made
encroaching tribes allies = live within Empire in exchange for fighting Rome’s
enemies.
o Arian Christians (Visigoths &
Ostrogoths converted by Ulfila ca 310-381 whose ideas were based on Arius’s
teachings before they were condemned by the 325 Council of Nicaea. These Christians differed greatly from Roman
Catholics and was a source of religious strife.
o Germanic Invasions, fifth
century: map 6.1 p.175 West in the World
o Loss of provinces 407 Roman
legions recalled from Britain
§ Battle of Baden - victory for
Christian Celtic Britons against Anglo-Saxon invasions for a while. Legend of King Arthur
·
Did
Rome “Fall”? NO it transformed PP. 176-178 Germans transformed
o 330 AD Constantine moves capital
of Rome to Byzantium Names It Constantinople;
Beginning of the Eastern Roman Empire. Constantine converts to
Christianity.
o In
410 AD, Alaric the Visigoth famously sacked the "Eternal" City.
o In
455 AD, Vandals and African allies under the command of Gaiseric and Huneric
sacked Rome with much more violence than the Goths.
o 476 AD conquest of Rome ; transformation of the Western Roman Empire; http://www.ancient.eu/image/4131/
“Invasions of the Roman Empire” map
o 500s The Early Middle Ages begins
The decline of Europe was caused by the collapse of the Western Roman Empire,
Invaders swept across the region; trade, travel, towns, and learning all
decrease; Germanic kingdoms (such as the Franks) carved up a once-unified
empire.1 This in turn led to poverty and lack of safety. 2
·
Rise
and Fall of Frankish Dynasty, ca 485-750
o Christian Merovingians : The
Germanic Franks (in the old Roman province of Gaul) were ruled by the Merovingian
Family. King Clovis vowed to converted to Christianity if he won a significant
battle. He and his country became Catholic and established a link with the
Popes.
o Queen Radegund founded a convent.
o Pope Zachary r. 741-752 favored Pepin
(the mayor of the palace) and proclaimed him the first Carolingian King.
·
Accomplishments
and Destruction in Italy, ca. 490-750
o Fostered learning &
historical writing – ex. Boethius,high official in Theodoric’s court,
translated Aristotle into Latin (basis of Logic), created a water clock, wrote The
Consolation while in prison on a
false treason charge.
o Fall of Ostrogoths –
Theodoric r. 493-526 ousted Odovacar who
had deposed the last Roman Empire. Theodoric’s
daughter, Amalasuintha, ruled as first regent for her young son then as
queen. Internal intrigue. Byzantine
Emperor Justinian used her death as a reason for his short -term expansion into
Italy.
o Lombards (long-beards, Germanic
tribe) moved south into Itay. Justinan was over extended his resources. Lombards in Northern Italy were taken over by
the Carolingian King Pepin in the 700’s . “The Donation of Pepin” was his
returning Northern Italy to the Pope=beginning of the Papal States.
·
Visgoths
in Spain, 418-711 (Arian Christians; federates of Rome; two cultures: Roman
& Goth)
o Weaknesses : #1 “The Visigothic
Curse” (political assassination), #2 Persecution Jews
o The Muslims crossed the Straits
of Gibraltar and took over most of the Iberian Penninsula.
·
Growing
Power of the Popes
o Petrine doctrine = papal supremacy
o Gregory the Great (r.590-604)
administered Rome, managed estates; fed the poor; negotiated truce with
Lombards; settled disputes & offered financial assistance to distant
churches
·
Monasteries:
Peaceful Havens
o Benedict of Nursia “Saint Benedict” (c. 480-c.547)
o Irish Christianity: Saint Patrick
(ca. 390-461) Briton, kidnapped, slave in Ireland, escaped, became a bishop in
Briton, returned to Ireland as a missionary, established a monastery, founder
of Irish Christianity. Irish monks then became missionaries to pagan
Anglo-Saxons= Conversion of Britain
o Irish monks discover Iceland
(Vikings too)
Byzantine Empire, c.
400-1000
·
Justinian
and Theodora, r. 527-565
o Nika riot
o Rebuilding
o Legal codification
o Reconquering the west
o 537 Justinian commissioned the
Hagia Sophia in Constantinople
·
Constantinople
o Lucrative industries,; chariot
races at the Hippodrrome;
·
Military
Might and Diplomatic dealings through provincial organization, bribes, spies,
and counterintelligence
·
East
Breaking Away from the West
o Justinian last Eastern Emperor to
use Latin as the official language- changed to Greek.
o Religious controversy:
Caesaropapist (led both church & state)
o Emperor Leo III r. 717-741
ordered iconoclasm (icon breaking) led to century of controversy
o Orthodox church
·
Converting
the Slavs, 560-ca. 1000
o Cyril and Methodius
o Conversion of Russia
o Golden Age
·
Greek
Fire, a now lost Secret formula, a flammable liquid that was pumped by tubes
onto enemy ships and even burned on the surface of the water. It was a sort of
flame thrower. Constantinople with its wall and … was saved. Stirrups were also invented, which kept
Knights on horseback.
Islam, 600-1000
·
570,
Prophet Muhammad born in Mecca ; 622, Beginning of Islam; Muhammad d. 632 in
Medina
·
Islam
means “surrender to God” ; after saying a creed they follow the Five Pillars of
Faith(1private behavior/faith within 2 pray 5x/day, 3 almsgiving, 4 fast during
month of Ramada, 5 pilgrimage(Haj))
·
Images
forbidden Use of calligraphy and geometric shapes: holy book for Muslims is the
Qur’an (Koran). Qur’an was not to be translated thus Arabic became the official
and unifying language.
·
“Jihad”:
several meanings and different interpretations:
“greater Jihad” is the struggle within and “lesser Jihad” military
struggle against infidels
·
661,
“Ali (Caliph) ruler, was cousin and son-in-law to the Prophet Mohamed. He
wanted to be more of a spiritual leader than a governor & tax collector. He
was assassinated in 661. Those who
follow him are Shi’ite Muslims.
·
661-750
Umayyad dynasty rules from Damascus
·
Umayyad
Caliphate held power in Spain
·
‘Abbasid
caliphate not supported by Shi’ites
·
673,
Islamic Expansion & the Siege of Constantinople
·
ca.
691 Dome of the Rock built in Jerusalem
·
711,
Muslims conquer Spain
·
732,
Battle of Tours/ Battle of Pointers-- Charles
“The Hammer” Martel saved the Franks from invasions …. He pushed the Muslims out of France. Christian armies stop the Muslim advance in
Europe.
·
Hellenistic
Learning; cultivated, translated, blended traditions. . Libraries, Universities;
o Avicenna (Ibn Sina) 980-1037
Muslim scientist; prolific writing; “scientific method”
o Mathematics “Arabic Numerals” from India; algebra;
astrolabe invented;
_____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 7: The
Struggle to Bring Order: The Early Middle Ages, ca. 750- 1000
______________________________________________________________________________
RULE
OF LAW
·
Compurgation
(value in the community)=12 honorable men witnessed as to the accused’s
character.
·
Ordeal:
“judgement”: a physically harmful test
was given, with the belief if accused were innocent then God would protect them
(or) they would not be injured if innocent.
·
Legal
codes: Ancient German laws combined with Roman Law were written in Latin.
·
Wergeld
= “man gold” = monetary compensation instead of feuds; Visigoths wrote
customary laws by 600s.
·
Common
Law: arising from customs, rather than legislation. (Originally, German Kings
just recorded customs as laws)
·
Statutory
Law: laws established by legislature or king
ANGLO-SAXON
ENGLAND: FORWARDING LEARNING AND LAW
·
Ca.
731 Bede, Ecclesiastical History of English People; He adopted BC/AD
& thereafter it became norm; history of ALL of England
·
Witan
a circle of wise men of the realm who approved the next king. (Wittenagemot:
full assembly)
·
Royal
Offices: Kingdom divided in Shires with a official appointed by the King were
Earls; Sherriffs were appointed and reported directly to the King
·
Alfred
the Great: King and Scholar
o Built the first English Navy
after Danish invasions (The Jarrow Monestary in the north was looted and
destroyed, and London was looted by some 350 ships)
o Danelaw : treaty in 884 between
Alfred and Danish king Guthrum divided England: agreed to have different laws
but the same religion. Guthrum converted
to Christianity.
o Alfred’s translations from Latin
into Old English, “It seems better to me for us also to translate some of the
books which are most needful for all men to know into the language which we can
all understand”.
o Common law
o Statutory law
CHARLEMAGNE
AND THE CAROLINGIANS: A NEW EUROPEAN EMPIRE (r.800-d.814)
·
Administering
the realm by “missi dominici”= traveling
agents, a bishop and a nobleman; attended 2 assemblies a year to hear the kings
dictates; Thus centralized control maintained
·
Linking
Politics & Religion. He converted the Saxons to prevent further rebellions
·
Charlemagne’s
coronation 800 Christmas day. Grandson
of Charles Martel, Charlemagne, Charles the Great, reunited much of the Western
Roman Empire. He aided Pope Leo III by capturing rebellious
Roman nobles. The resulting alliance occurred:
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. This outraged the Eastern Roman Emperor and
created a unified (European/West) Christian Empire. The revival in learning also unified the
Kingdom. Palace School at Aachen was run
by a respected York scholar, Alcuin [AL
kwin] for Charlemagne, his sons, and his nobles. 2
·
Negotiating
with Byzantium & Islam: Charlemagne was on friendly terms with the caliph
in Baghdad, Harum al-Rashid (r. 786-809), their mutual enemy was the Byzantium
(ruled by Queen Irene who refused to marry Charlemagne).
·
Intellectual
Rebirth, educational reforms, establishing schools (free schools in villages);
handwriting reforms to make texts legible
·
Trivium:
grammar, rhetoric, and logic,
·
Quadrivium:
arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy
·
Louis
the Pious (r.814-840), Charlemagne’s only son; following his death the Kingdom amongst
his three sons: Charles the Bald, Lothair I, and Louis the German.
ORDER
IN THE CHURCH
·
Monasteries:
manuscripts copied and preserved; monastic learning; missionary work
·
Cluniac
reform: monastery exempt from local control; owing only prayers to the donor of
the land
·
910
Monastery at Cluny founded; directly subordinate to the pope = increased papal
authority
VIKINGS
AND OTHER INVADERS
·
Charlemagne’s
three grandsons started civil war
o (Charles the Bald, Lothair I, and
Louis the German)
o Treaty of Verdun (843) divides
Carolingian Empire; western Europe no longer unified.
o Mismanagement of the kingdom,
civil war, evaporation of trade, and invasions from the north, south, and east
led to the end of the Carolingians
·
“The
Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavians: raids, trades, and settlements
·
Invasions
of Europe 800s and 900s (map 7.5, p.219) Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims
·
Viking
Ships: long keel, large sail, 50-100 oarsmen, skilled navigators, often built
of oak that would flex in rough waters, fast and easy to beach and launch in
raids
·
Treasure
Hoards 1,700 found (300 primarily
eastern silver coins) (gold was either hidden or used in status jewelry)
·
Sagas:
old oral stories “Norse prose narratives” preserve history
·
Western
explorations (Yes, they returned & didn’t fall off the edge of the
horizon): Iceland, Greenland (no, it isn’t green), and Vinland (North America)
o Ca. 100 Leif Erikson travels to
North America
·
European
settlements: northern France (Normandy), Sicily, northeast England
o (871-901) Alfred the Great rules
England
§ Alfred stopped the southward
expansion of the Viking, Danes.
·
(1016-1035)
Canute rules Denmark and a united England
o King Swein of Denmark and son
Canute with a great fleet beat Anglo –Saxon King Edmund Ironside 1016.
·
1060
Norwegians convert to Christianity
o Farming and trade were easier in
times of peace.
MANORS
AND FEUDAL TIES: ORDER EMERGING FROM CHAOS
·
Peasants
and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the Medieval Manor
·
Serf’s
obligation to vassal of another vassal
to the king
·
Feudal
Obligations; noble warriors; lords and vassals
·
Vassal
receiving fief = land and workers in exchange for service and soldiers for
battle
·
Feudalism
in Europe rose out of a necessity for a walled fortress that the people could
run to for protection. The people in return gave a portion of their produce,
time, and a man to fight.
·
Marriage
ties were alliances; the church regulated monogamous marriages; increased
status of legal wife and the heir she produced
·
Medicine;
women were in charge of medicinal herbs and healthful diet.
·
Liege
lord: the lord who deserved unreserved loyalty, above all other vassal
relationships (usually unsuccessful)
___________________________________________________________
Chapter 8: Order Restored:
The High Middle Ages, 1000-1300
__________________________________________________________
AGRICULTURAL
LABOR
·
Water
Mill: major source of mechanical power, ground grain
·
Three-field
cultivation increased crop production: one field planted in spring, another in
fall, and the third was left fallow (unplanted).
·
Population
doubles (estimated) 37,000,000 to 74 million
·
Life
span as long as today if one survived disease, accidents, childbearing and
warfare.
·
Windmills: generate power from the wind
o vertical Persian design (simpler
and more efficient)
o horizontal European design (would
need to pivot to catch shifting winds)
·
New
freedoms gained by serfs in feudal relationships, if they moved to a region in
need of workers. (Count Adolf II of Holstein (1128-1164) advertised with
incentives, for farming families to move to his lands.)
·
Environmental
consequences:
o Slash & burn forrest clearing
o Waste dumped in rivers (human
waste and slaughtering by-products)
o Coal burning ash in the air of
cities and lowlands
THOSE
OUTSIDE THE ORDER: TOWN LIFE
·
Communes:
semi-independent communities that obtained charters from the lords who owned
the land. They sometimes revolted if they did not get the liberties they felt
deserving of.
·
Guilds:
tradesmen protected their interests: controlled trade, quality of goods, set
prices, and number of members. Women participated in the guild, because they
typically outnumbered men in urban locations.
·
Urban
Jews were important members of towns: first they were artisans, merchants, and
landowners. When Christians began
viewing them as competition, they became moneylenders in many towns, because it
was forbidden by the Christian Church. Jews thus made necessary contributions
to expanding commerce. The Christians
and Jews lived in urban settings in uneasy codependence.
·
German
migration Eastward (map 8.1) 1000-13000
in search of farmland.
·
Widening
Web of trade routes. Growth of towns not because of increased manufacturing,
but trade of new goods as commercial centers and trading network hubs.
o Champagne
fairs: the Earl
of Champagne hosted fairs that brought merchants from three zones and provided
space, booths, police, and moneylenders. Each day a different product was
presented, in exchange for sales tax collection.
o Hanseatic
League: replaced
the Champagne Fairs and Flanders. The
Hanseatic League monopolized northern (Baltic) trade with a group of 70-80
cities which controlled politics and economics of the region.
·
Cathedrals
o Romanesque architecture: thick walls;
rounded arches directed roof weight down walls; The earlier style
§ La Madeline at Vezeley in Burgundy
(ca. 1104)
o Gothic
architecture: soaring
heights, pointed arches directed roof weight down columns
§ Flying buttresses: exterior
braces supported walls
§ Amiens Cathedral, France
1220-1270 building years
§ Stained glass: colorful glass
pieces held together by lead-webs to make magnificent story pictures
§ So large; the entire population
of the town could be present + visiting pilgrims
·
Universities
o Scholasticism: the medieval
philosophy that reconciled faith and reason
o Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109)
“faith seeking understanding”; wrote Why God Became Man; explained the
proof of God’s existence.
o Peter Abelard (1079-1142)wrote Yes
and No (Sic et Non) 150 theological questions with relevant Bible passages
for students to analyze and reconcile
§ Abelard’s adversary was Bernard
of Clairvaux (1090-1153) who disapproved of inquiry and discussion.
o Guibert of Nogent describes his
education document 8.1 autobiography, excerpt on medieval education for youth (enforced self-control
o Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) taught that faith and reason are compatible.
Great scholar.
o Ramon Lull (ca. 1232-1316)
Missionary to the Muslims
o Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
wrote a book on women’s health,…
o Jacoba Felicie, a female, Jewish physician
in Paris- order to stop practicing medicine
o Experimental Science
·
1200s orders of Christian friars founded
o Domincan
(order of
preachers)
o Franciscan
(Fancis of
Assisi said “Let us begin again”), ‘communal life of poverty, prayer, and
service; devoting their lives in search of God. 7
NOBLES,
KNIGHTS AND CASTLES
·
Chivalry:
an elaborate code of conduct. Some knights, however, did not live up to the
code of honor and bravery. 8
·
Jousts:
two knights in full armor on horseback charged at each other, each with a lance
& shield
·
Tournaments
were staged one-on-one combat in which knights were often injured
·
Courtly
love = romantic love of the nobility, included loyalty and great deeds.
CRUSADES
·
The
Crusades were a series of battles in which European Christians battled Muslims
for control of the Holy Land.1
·
1096
-1204 Christians launch the First
Crusade in 1096.
o Pope Urban II called for the
first crusade to liberate Jerusalem form the Muslims, “can substitute this
journey for all penance” (as payment of sins).6
RISE
OF CENTRALIZED MONARCIES
ENGLAND:
from conquest to Parliament
·
1066 William
the Conqueror completes the Norman Conquest of England.
He consolidates royal power;
limiting power of lords.1
·
Henry
I, youngest of William the Conqueror’s sons
o Achieved peace in England
o Advances in administration
(modernized)
·
Henry
II (5 March 1133 -6 July 1189) 9
o Born near Tours (France)
o First of Plantagenet dynasty
o King of England from
1154;strengthened royal adminiatraion in
England.
o Married Eleanor of Aquitaine
o Quarrels with Thomas Becket ,
archbishop of Canterbury and his family
§ Richard 1 (r.1190-1999) “the
Lion-Hearted”
§ John (r. 1100-1216)
·
Magna
Carta limited royal power in England
·
Parliament
·
Edward
I
SPAIN:
·
Reconquest
of Iberia from the Muslims, by the Christians (900- 1250) map 8.5
FRANCE:
·
Capetian
dynasty
·
Louis
IX
·
Philip
IV
·
Estates
General
RUS
·
1236-1241
Mongol armies called the Golden Horde conquer Russia.
_____________________________________________________________________________
Chapter 9: The West
Struggles and Eastern Empires Flourish: The Late Middle Ages ca. 1300-1500
_____________________________________________________________________________
ECONMIC AND SOCIAL MISERY
FAMINE
·
Bad
Weather
BLACK
DEATH PANDEMIC
·
The
Black Death was an epidemic of the bubonic plaque [spread through bites of an
infected flea] that swept Europe from 1347-1353, killing about one-third of the
population.1
·
The
Black Death arrived in Europe by sea in October 1347 when 12 Genoese trading
ships docked at the Sicilian port of Messina after a long journey through the
Black Sea. The people who gathered on the docks to greet the ships were met
with a horrifying surprise: Most of the sailors aboard the ships were dead, and
those who were still alive were gravely ill. They were overcome with fever,
unable to keep food down and delirious from pain. Strangest of all, they were
covered in mysterious black boils that oozed blood and pus and gave their
illness its name: the “Black Death.” The Sicilian authorities hastily ordered
the fleet of “death ships” out of the harbor, but it was too late: Over the
next five years, the mysterious Black Death would kill more than 20 million
people in Europe–almost one-third [to one-half] of the continent’s population.
5
·
The
Black Death affected cows, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens as well as people. One
of the consequences of the Black Death was a European wool shortage. 5
·
Flagellants
believed the plaque to be caused by the wrath of God; they beat (whipped)
themselves; ritual parades
·
Jews
attacked; accused of causing the plague because they were not dying of it,
because of their strict food laws, etc. The Jews fled east to Poland, Russia,
and further; where they received protection.
PEASANTS
AND TOWNSPEOPLE REVOLT
·
John
Bull
·
Urban
revolts
IMPERIAL PAPACY BESIEGED
POPES
MOVE TO AVIGNON
·
“Babylonian
Captivity” breach of tradition
·
Return
to Rome
THE
GREAT SCHISM, 1378-1417
·
This
is not the Schism (division) of 1054 which divided the Latin west with the
Orthodox east.
CONCILIAR
MOVEMENT
NEW
CRITICS OF THE CHURCH
·
John
Wycliffe
·
Jan
Huss (ca. 1373-1415) Czech reformer
o Burned at the stake
o Followers called Lollards
HUNDRED
YEARS’ WAR (1337-1453)
·
England
v. France
o New weapons
o English Victories
o Agincourt
o Dauphin
o Joan of Arc 1431 After leading
French troops to victory, Joan of Arc is
executed by the English. 1 Joan of Arc hears the guiding voice, gathers an
Army, wins battles against the English for France, is captured by the English,
tried by the Inquisition, found guilty, recants and renounces the voices that
guided her, puts on women’s clothing (symbol of gender roles and obedience),
relapsed (renounced recanting, “never truly abandoned her errors”) showing thus
by putting men’s clothing back on, final adjudication (“WE DECREE THAT YOU ART
A RELAPSED HERETIC”), and received the death sentence (burned at the stake).4,
3 (p.277)
·
Results
of the War
·
In
England during the Hundred Years’ War, monarchs ask Parliament for funds,
increasing Parliament’s power. In
France during the Hundred Years’ War, English are expelled from most of France,
increasing French national feeling. England
lost control of most of its territory in France.1
WAR
OF THE ROSES
·
1455-1485
War of the Roses: The English Civil
War between two branches of the royal family: Lancaster and York.
·
Richard
III (r. 1483-1485) attempted to end the conflict by imprisoning his nephews in
the Tower of London, where they were murdered.
·
This
resulted in the Battle of Bosworth Field
in 1485 in which the forces of Henry Tudor won (Henry VII r. 1485-1509). He married Elizabeth of York
as an alliance “to heal the breach between the noble factions.” Henry VII
restored centralized control, prohibited private armies, and confiscated lands
of rebellious nobles.3
RESPONSES
TO THE DISRUPTION OF MEDIEVAL ORDER
·
William
of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism
·
New Literary Giants
o Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
§ The Divine Comedy
o Illuminated, Book of Hours
(Fifteenth Century)
o Boccaccio
o Chaucer
§ The Canterbury Tales (29 pilgrims
on a journey)
·
Precision
painting
o Jan van Eyck (ca. 1395-1441)
§ Among first to use oil paint
§ Realistic details
o Realism and symbolism
EMPIRES IN THE EAST
·
The Mongols (map 9.4 ca.1300)
o Genghis Khan
o Marco Polo, Venetian merchant,
and emissary of Genghis Khan
o Franciscan priest, John of Monte
Corvino (1247-1328) missionary to China
·
Ottoman
Empire (1300-1566) map 9.5
o Conquest of Constantinople: 1453 Constantinople falls to the Turks: End
of the Eastern Roman Empire/Byzantine Empire
o Suleiman I
·
Russia:
The Third Rome
o Tsar Ivan III, Ivan the Great, (r.1462-1505),expanded Russia and centralized power. 1
·
Vlad
III Dracula, Vlad the Dragon, (the
Impaler), King of Wallachia (a principality within modern day Romania) 1431-1476
\
Endnotes:
1
Ellis
& Esler. World History. Pp.
210-323
2
….
The Middle Ages in 3-1/2 minutes
3
Sherman
& Salsibury. The West in the World.
4
Saint
Joan of Arc Center, Albuquerque, NM, “the Relapse, the final abjudication and
the sentence of death,” http://www.stjoan-center.com
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