Thursday, December 8, 2016

Europe’s Social and Political Order, 1600-1715, Politics of Absolutism and English Civil War




Chapter 13: The Struggle for Survival and Sovereignty:
Europe’s Social and Political Order,
1600-1715 [1]

Timeline and Key Dates for the Politics of Absolutism and English Civil War) [2],[3]

Image result for ivan the terrible1533-1584 Reign of Ivan IV the Terrible, (thunder),(fearsome)   [4]
            First Tsar of Russia, ruthlessly expanded lands and central control.
1584-1613 Russia’s time of Troubles
The late 1590s and early 1600s were a particularly bad phase of the "little ice age" that afflicted all Europe - the winters of exceptional severity that it produced, impacted Russia even worse than areas with milder climates. Furthermore, the poor crops coincided with an increase in the taxes and exactions of government and landlords, so many peasants fled their lands.[5]  The solutions were rigid centralized authority (Poland) or more power to the nobles (Russia).







1589-1792 Bourbon Dynasty of France
            1589-1610 Reign of Henry IV in France     Image result for henry iv of france[6]
            “Good King Henry”; first monarch of the House of Bourbon;
August 24, 1572: St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (Henry IV escaped with the help of his wife, if he converted to Catholicism.[7]
Edict of Nates (1610):  Henry IV issued freedom of religion to Protestants, even though he had converted to Catholicism.
“I want there to be no peasant in my kingdom so poor that he cannot have a chicken in his pot every Sunday.”—Henry IV

1603-1714 Stuart Dynasty in England
            King James VI of Scotland in 1566 and became King James I of England and Ireland in 1603-1625. He was the first Stuart king.  The Stuarts were of Scottish origins and generally Catholic. They ruled a Protestant nation, in which the Parliament distrusted them and sought to limit their power, and in 1642 Civil War[8]

1613-1917 Romanov Dynasty in Russia[9] (see note for list of 18 czars & czarinas)
Mikhail Feodorovich......................1613-1645 (First Romanov czar)

1618-1648 Thirty Years’ War[10]
Battles throughout most of Europe, over religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Ended with the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. The Map of Europe was changed.

1625 Charles I becomes king
1629 Charles I dissolves Parliament (first of three times) He needed Parliament to provide money for … in exchange they wanted more of a say in how it was spent (impeachment of the King’s advisor Buckingham) or they shorted the term of the funds appropriation.[11]

1640-1688 Reign of Frederick William in Prussia “The Great Elector”  He united Prussia into a monarchy which was dependent on the nobles.[12]


1642-1649 Civil War in England. Royalists (Roundheads) vs. Parliamentarians
The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) stemmed from conflict between Charles I and Parliament over an Irish insurrection. The first war was settled with Oliver Cromwell’s victory for Parliamentary forces at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. The second phase ended with Charles’ defeat at the Battle of Preston and his subsequent execution in 1649. Charles’ son, Charles, then formed an army of English and Scottish Royalists, which prompted Cromwell to invade Scotland in 1650. The following year, Cromwell shattered the remaining Royalist forces and ended the “wars of the three kingdoms,” though Charles II eventually ascended to the throne in 1660.”[13]
            1649 Charles I executed
            Oliver Cromwell became the Protectorate of England

1643-1715 Reign of Louis XIV in France
            “divine right” absolutism; patronage at Versailles; [14]
1648 Treaty of Westphalia = end of the Thirty Years War
1648-1653 The Fronde “the sling” (civil war) in France[15]
            A protest of Cardinal Mazarin’s taking power from nobels.

1649-1660 Commonwealth in England 
            The Rump Parliament declared England a Commonwealth (republic)
1651 Thomas Hobbes, The Leviathan
            An absolute monarchy would save people from a “nasty, brutish, and short” life. [16]
1660 Restoration of English monarchy with Charles II

1683 Siege of Vienna by Ottoman forces
Attempt by Suleiman the Magnificent ’s forces to take Vienna, Austria, furthest extent of Ottoman Empire.

1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France
The Cardinal de Richelieu, who regarded its political and military clauses as a danger to the state, annulled them by the Peace of Alès in 1629. On October 18, 1685, Louis XIV formally revoked the Edict of Nantes and deprived the French Protestants of all religious and civil liberties. Within a few years, more than 400,000 persecuted Huguenots emigrated—to England, Prussia, Holland, and America—depriving France of its most industrious commercial class.”[17]

1685 James II becomes king of England
1688 Glorious Revolution in England: James II of England overthrown and William III invaded


1688-1713 Reign of Frederick I in Prussia

1689 William and Mary become monarchs of England

1689-1725 Reign of Peter the Great in Russia

1690 English philosopher John Locke, Second Treatise of Government
            Established, in theory, the framework for constitutional government[18]

1713-1714 Peace of Utrecht: a series of treaties regarding the Spanish succession, colonies, …[19]

1721 Treaty of Nystad: ended Great Northern War between Swedens and the Russians and Danes[20]










[2] In Microsoft Word, go to References tap then click “insert footnote”

[3] Dennis Sherman and Joyce Salisbury. West in the World, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2014), 391, 396, 417.

[16] Dennis Sherman and Joyce Salisbury. West in the World, 5th ed. (New York: McGraw Hill Education, 2014), 416.
[18] Ibid., 418-419.
[20] etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/7400/7434/7434.htm

Tuesday, December 6, 2016

European Expansion, 1450-1700



Chapter 12: Faith, Fortune, and Fame: European Expansion, 1450-1700
­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­THE WORLD IMAGINED
·         Lure of the East
o    Eastern trade with “China” (& Japan) and “India” (southeast Asia & many Pacific Islands)
·         Imagined Peoples
·         Ptolemy’s Map was a globe (360 degrees) with Asia, Africa, and Europe
o    Ptolemy’s two errors: land covered ¾’s of the planet and the Earth as 1/6th smaller
THE WORLD DISCOVERED
·         Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore
·         New Technologies and Trade
o    Navigation instruments
§  Quadrant – aligned with North Star to determine latitude
§  Astrolabe –used in Southern Hemisphere: measured height of sun or of a known star at night
o    Chinese Explorations 1405-1433 Ming Dynasty (Admiral Zheng He) reached New World
·         The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418-1600
§  1418, Prince Henry the Navigator annual trip down the West coast of Africa
§  Bartholomew Dias – rounded tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”
§  Vasco da Gama
·         Trading Outposts
·         Key Dates p. 384 Exploring the World 

·         Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492-1522
o    Christopher Columbus
o    Treaty of Tordesillas
o    Circumnavigating the globe
§  Ferdinand Magellan (ca. 1480-1521 killed in the Philippines) and his navigator Sevastian Elcano
·         North Europeans Join the Race, 1497-1650
o    Settlements in Canada
o    Dutch colonies
o    English colonies
CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES
of Indigenous Peoples and Empires in the Americans  (map 12.3)
·         Original Americans South of the Rio Grande
o    Agriculture
o    Empire Building
·         Original Northern Americans
·         Early Contacts
·         Conquest of the Great Empires 1520-1555
o    Cortez’s explorations        across the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan
§  Conquistadors: Spanish soldiers of fortune (gold & glory)
§  Malinche. A princess, sold into slavery; interpreter and advisor to Cortez
§  Aztecs conquered  after untimely death of captive, Montezuma
o    Francisco Pizarro (ca 1475-1541)  In 1532 the Incas fell to this conquistador
o    Successful because:1 steel weapons, 2. Horses, 3 effective written communication, and *4 germs!(disease and death followed their paths)
·         North American Contacts
o    Spaniard Hernando de Sotos (ca 1496/97-1543)
§  Florida & Georgia 1539-1543; killed many Indians; died of fever; his pigs roamed and spread disease which  killed most of the Mississippi valley peoples
§  Shipwrecked Spaniard Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca  (ca 1490-ca 1560) wrote narratives of the  Amerindians which shaped European views
·         Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550-1700
o    Enforced Labor
§  Spanish imperialism financed by the Conscripted labor , Potosi , silver mine.  Workers lived underground form Monday till Saturday.
o    Amerindians mortality
§  Disease, overwork, and abuse killed approximately 25,000,000   between 1570-1605.  1(p.375)
·         African Slave Trade
o    Previously, slavery occurred after the victors of war took the spoils.
o    Sugar plantations traded for their necessities including (slave) labor
o    African slaves originally went to the Caribbean sugar plantations
o    Impact in Africa:  generated  huge profits:  historically part of warfare; slaves were traded for guns in order to compete with neighbors; monarchies dependent on slave trade monopolies collapsed after the end  of slavery and led to economic and political down-turns.
o    Slave Rebellions:
§  25% died on the Atlantic voyage
§  Starvation, overwork, and  physical punishment
·         Gathering Souls in the New Lands
o    Virgin of Guadalupe
o    Missionaries
§  Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) a Jesuit in the court of Ming emperor Wan’li (r. 1573- 1620)
§  Memory Palaces
o    Christianity transformed
§  Dark faced Virgin Mary, venerating ancestors, African rhythms, acknowledging customs
WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION
·         High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage
o    Inflation
§  Supply and demand drove prices up
§  Money lending drove prices up
·         Rise of Commercial Capitalism
o    Capitalists: invest funds in businesses to earn a profit
o    Entrepreneurs: business owners; world trade most lucrative
o    Capitalist ideas
o    Joint-stock companies
·         Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade
o    Economic nationalism
o    Economic regulations
·         Growth of banking
o    State Banks
·         Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson
o    Declared bankruptcies hurt Italian and German merchants
§  Holland and England were more financially efficient
·         Redefining Work Roles
o    Women’s Work
o    Leaving the workforce
·         Piracy 1550-1700
o    Privateers (corsairs) authorized by a government to steal from other countries ships=royal patronage and pardon
§  Francis Drake (ca. 1540-1596) with Queen Elizabeth I’s backing; he harassed Spanish shipping in the Caribbean
§  Walter Raleigh ( ca 1554-1618)  was backed by Elizabeth I, but not by James I who imprisoned him in the Tower of London; executed 1618
o    Pirate Life
§  Dangerous, fickle, but drew many who had limited choices
WORLD TRANSFORMED
·         European Culture Spreads
o    Plants
§  Invasive species: dandelions, mustard, mint , chamomile, endive, spinach
§  Portuguese introduced sweet potatoes and maize in the Congo. 1(385)
o    Population mixing
§  Mestizos preserved cultures of parents
·         European Culture Transformed
o    New foods
§  Tomato was first thought poisonous because it is part of the nightshade family.
§  New Stimulants
§  Chocolate from Aztec Mexico
§  Tobacco
·         New World view
o    Scientific observation
§  Travelers studied, wrote, and drew about their observations
·         Mercator Maps
o    Coastlines and rivers more accurate
o    Gerhard Mercator , Flemish Cartographer, (1512-1594) published in 1569 flat map projection with Europe at the center.  Distortion greater (enlarges the further from the equator)

End notes on European Expansion, 1450-1700 : Ch.12
1        Sherman & Salisbury. The West in the World.
2                  2 study questions, then take the quizzes, email results http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0021438374/student_view0/chapter12/chapter_summaries.html    
3                  3 Primary source investigator from McGraw Hill Education http://psi.mhhe.com/current/psi.php?editionId=52
4                 4 Sherman & Salisbury. The West in the World. ed. 1 McGraw Hill Education. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/west/sherman/student/olc/chap11outline.mhtml (outline with primary source links).