Chapter 11: “Alone Before God”: Religious Reform and
Warfare, 1500-1648
THE CLASH OF DYNASTIES, 1515-1555
·
Land-Hungry Monarchs
o Charles V (son of Ferdinand & Isabella) Habsburg Dynasty
(multinational)
o Ottoman-Turk expansion along their northwest boarder with
the Habsburgs (into modern-day Austria)
·
Changing Rules of Warfare
o Growing armies: more men for long lines of muskets & pikes
o Guns lead to change in military tactics
·
Winners and Losers
o Casualties of war
§ Martin Guerre (1524-1594) peasant, soldier, and reluctant
family man
·
Habsburg-Valois Wars, 1521-1544
o Weary imperialism
o Valois Lands (modern-day France) fought with Habsburgs along
eastern boarder= 1526 Habsburg-Valois Wars (map 11.1)
TIDE OF RELIGIOUS REFORM
·
Best Path to Salvation?
o Devotio moderna (modern devotion)
§ Thomas a Kempis (1380-1471) wrote The Imitation of Christ: Catholic devotional book first written in
Latin
o Catholic’s seven sacraments: Baptism, Confirmation, Matrimony,
Eucharist, Penance, Holy Orders and the Anointing of the Sick.
§ 1215 Fourth Lateran Council: no salvation outside of the
(Catholic) church
·
Desiderius Erasmus: “Prince of
Humanists”
·
Luther’s Revolution
o Martin Luther (1483-1546)
o Attack on indulgences
§ Purgatory:
o 95 Theses posted on the door of Catholic church in
Wittenberg, Germany
·
Protestant Religious Ideas
o Priesthood of all believers
§ iconoclasm
§ transubstantiation
·
“Germans Rage Against Papal Exploitation,
two document excerpts, Doc 11.1
·
Reformed Church takes root in
Germany
o Peasants’ war
o Peace of Augsburg
·
Bringing Reform to the States in
Switzerland
o Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531)
·
Anabaptists: Radical Reformers
o Church vs. State
o Radical Reformers
·
Calvinism and the Growing Middle
Class
o Predestination
o Spread of Calvinism
§ Huguenots
§ The Scot, John Knox (1514-1572)
·
Marie Dentiere defends Reformation
women’s rights (doc. 11.2)
·
Henry VIII and the English Church
o Seeking a male heir
o Henry’s marriages
§ THE SIX
WIVES OF KING HENRY VIII: Katharine of Aragon - Anne Boleyn - Jane Seymour
- Anne of Cleves - Catherine Howard - Katharine Parr
o Church of England
§ Thomas More (1478-1535)
o Youthful son, Edward VI, dies
o Lady Jane Grey, The Nine Day Queen 5
o “Bloody Mary” (Catholic)
o Elizabeth I (Protestant)
o Tudor Dynasty lasted 118 years
o Scotland’s Church
o Europe divided
THE CATHOLIC REFORMATION
o Stirring of Reform in Spain
§ Ferdinand and Isabella
§ Married; thus united Leon-Castile and Argon
§ Reduced the power of the nobility; centralized power
§ 1492 sponsored Christopher Columbus’ voyage
o Cardinal Ximenez
§ With permission he founded a new university at Alcala de
Henares
§ Published Complutensian
Polyyglot Bible (1520)
§ Three columns comparing Hebrew, Greek, and Latin
·
The Society of Jesus
o Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
o Argued for education as a solution (doc. 11.3)
o Baroque art
·
The Council of Trent, 1545-1563
o Reforming corruption
o Affirming doctrine
o El Greco, painter, like Rubens reaffirmed Catholicism
o Scripture and tradition
·
Catholics on the Offensive
o Philip II (r. 1556-1588
EUROPE ERUPTS AGAIN A CENTURY OF
RELIGIOUS WARFARE, 1559-1648
·
French Wars of Religion, 1562-1598
o Catholics vs. Huguenots
o Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
·
A “Council of Blood’ in the
Netherlands, 1566-1609
o Revolt breaks out
o Armada against England
§ The “Protestant wind”
o Netherlands split
·
The Thirty Years’ War, 1618-1648
o War breaks out
o Wallenstein
o From religion to politics
o Devastation
·
Peace of Westphalia
o Political results
LIFE AFTER THE REFORMATION
·
New Definitions of Courtship and
marriage
o Courtship
o Marriage
·
Forging a Link Between Education and
Work
o Valuing literacy
o Valuing work
·
Anxiety and Spiritual Insecurity
o Charitable institutions
o Decline of “magic”
·
Searching for Scapegoats: the Hunt
for Witches
o Fear of the Devil
o Persecutions
Endnotes on Renaissance:
Sherman
& Salisbury. The West in the World.
2
study
questions, then take the quizzes, email results http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0021438374/student_view0/chapter11/chapter_summaries.html
3
Primary
source investigator from McGraw Hill Education http://psi.mhhe.com/current/psi.php?editionId=52
4
Sherman
& Salisbury. The West in the World. ed. 1. Chapter 11: “Alone Before God”: Religious Reform and
Warfare, 1500-1648. McGraw Hill Education. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/west/sherman/student/olc/chap11outline.mhtml (outline with
primary source links).
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