Romans 753 BC - AD 476

Rome
who/what	when	where	why (cause)	significance (result)
Etruscans	- 392 Etruscan city destroyed by Romans. Triumph arch errected.	Tuscany, western Umbria, and northern Lazio.	Etruscans overlords of Romans	Etruscan kings and nobles attacked by Brutus after the attack on the honorable, matron Lucretia, resulting in the Freedom of the Romans. 1
Republic Established	509-27 BC	Rome
Cinnitatus	consul in 460 BC and dictator in 458 BC and 439 BC		Rome under attack; asked to become "dictator"	relinquished when threat gone
Celts from Gaul (present day France) "Barbarians"	387 BC	Rome	Gauls pushed out of their homeland; asked for territory in Italy; refused; Rome sacked; Rome paid all for Celts to move on.	Celts destroyed Rome; Romans learned ...
Camillus,	368	Rome	appointed dictator at age 80	caused patrician assent to plebeians demands; build the temple at Concord. 2
Latium	338 BC	Latium		Rome controls Latium
Po Valley	268 BC	Po Valley, Italy		Rome controls south of Po Valley
First Punic War	264-241 BC	Sicily	Rome v. Carthage	Most of Sicily made the first Province of Rome
Carthage	238 BC	Sardinia & Corsica		Sardinia & Corsica taken from Carthage
Second Punic War	218-202 BC		Rome v. Carthage	218 Carthaginian general Hannibal invades Italy.218-216 Victories of Hannibal; ended in defeat of Hannibal
Plautus (playwright)	218-202 CKON			Earliest major works of Latin literature preserved
Ptolemy IV	d. 204 BC	Egypt
Antiochus III	201-198 BC	takes Palestine
Rome defeats Macedon, Philip V	200-197
Rome subjugates Spain	195-179, 154-133
Cato	184			Censored
Sewers	184	Rome		Sewer system cost: 1,000 talents
Aquileia	181			foundation of
Conquest south of Alps	181	Italy		The territory of Carthage becomes the Roman province of "Africa" The Punic agriculture writings are ordered by the Roman Senate to be translated into Latin
direct taxation	167	Rome		end of direct taxation for Roman Citizens
most of Greece & Macedonia taken; raze of Corinth; third Punic war; Carthage destroyed;	149-146		Rome v. Carthage	The territory of Carthage becomes the Roman province of "Africa" The Punic agriculture writings are ordered by the Roman Senate to be translated into Latin
Aqueduct	144	Rome	into of hydraulic cement	first aqueduct of high-level built
Julius Caesar, general & "caesar"	c. 100 - assassinated 15th March 44 BC	Rome		*reforms attempted to save ailing republic * self-appointed absolute ruler. 4
(born Gaius Octavius) Octavian / Augustus, first Roman Emperor	63 BC-AD 14 (r. 31 BC - AD 14)	Rome		*declared 'Exalted One' & first citizen by the Senate. * First ruler of the Pax Romana. 4,6
Livy, historian	59 BC - AD 17	Rome	sought to find noble beginnings of Rome	wrote the history of Rome on wax tablets
Battle of Actium, naval engagement	31 BC	Ionian Sea near the city of Actium, (off the western coast of Greece)	Octavian (Augustus) defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. 6	Octavian (Augustus) now undisputed ruler of Rome. 6
The Roman Empire	31 BC - AD 476			7
Octavian takes the name Augustus "peaceful" "serene"	27 BC	Rome	Roman Republic ends	Augustus founds the Roman Empire.4
Vergil (Virgil), poet	19 BC	Rome	publication of Aeneid, epic poem of Rome. 7
Jesus	c 6-4 BC- c.3rd April AD 33	Nazareth	"the Christ"	Beginning of Christianity 8
Ovid, poet	AD 8		mocked Roman Emperor Augustus's moral reforms. 6	exile. 6
Varian disaster	AD 9	(Germany)	3 of an overall 28 Roman legions annihilated. 6	Romans abandoned the area east of the Rhine to the 'barbarians' of the frontier. 6
Saint Paul; The Gospels; The Gnostics	AD ca. 40-95			7
Hadrian (Patheon)	AD 117-138			7
Marcus Aurelius	AD 121 -AD 180			last great emperor of Pax Romana 4
Diocletian	AD245 -AD 316		Divides Roman empire into eastern and western parts, AD 286	4, 7
Constantine	AD 280 (?) - AD 337	Rome then Constantinople		* Edict of Milan; * Moved capital to Constantiople. 4
Edit of Milan	February AD 313	Milan		granted Christians toleration within the Roman Empire. 4
Constantinople	AD 330	Constantinople	Emperor Constantine founds Constantinople (Istanbul) 7	Capital of Roman Empire moves eastward. 4
Christianity	AD 380	Roman Empire		Official religion. 4
Odoacer, Germanic leader	AD 476			dethrones last Roman emperor. 4
Endnotes:
1 Garraty, John and Peter Gay editors. The Columbia History of the World. Evanston: Harper & Row, 1972 pp.190-249.		6. bbc + history + historic figures + Augustus (63 BC - AD 14)
2 Johnson, Rossiter LL.D., editor-in-chief. The Great Events by Famous Historians. V. II The National Alumni. 1905 pp.166-408		7 "An Overview of Western Civilization" "00westciv.pdf" download 29 slides.
3. Copeland, Lewis editor. High School Subjects Self Taught. Vol. I Chicago: JG Ferguson Publishing, 1967. pp. 25-45		8 http://www.thenazareneway.com/date_of_birth_and_death_of_jesus.htm
4 Ellis Elisabeth Gaynor and Anthony Esler. World History. Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. 2009. pp. 148-183.
5 Sherman Dennis and Joyce Salisbury. The West in the World. New York: McGraw Hill Education. 5th ed. pp.102-129		compiled by Mrs. Julie Richey, M.A.