chart Greeks 2000-150 B.C.

Who/What	When	Where	Why (Cause)	Significance (Result)
Minoans	2000-1450	origins at Knossos, Crete https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh60wskJu0pcF1ibpkXiPmHWDjKmCXgGLoHqbtjJaSfxgRohW557HaYQxcq_Bhg8Z-5rlP77yHPoDhZ9kBmGHg2jHsLeBdG6T98cBFuOJK7r3jBQk6GRuV0bxHeVUatEFf2KkSlo_xIXs7V/s1600/minoanbronze_age_map.gif	bronze foundaries; Meditterranean, Agean,Black Sea shipping empire	The end of the Minoans correlates with the end of the Bronze Age resulting in the spread of Iron.
Mycenaeans	1600-1100	origins on the Peloponesse Peninsula of Greece (see map in the Minoan link)	These early Greeks: took over Minoan trade routes, agressive expansion	Trojan War: Mycenae and Troy over economic rivalry (trade & expansion). Victors: Mycenaeans.
Athenanians	Athens: continuiously inhabited for 5000 years (ca 3000 BC)	(see map of Greco-Persian Wars)		Foundation for Democracy, science, medicine, philosopy, history, theater
Spartans	apex 650-371	primary, city-state of Lacedaemon in south-eastern Peloponnese.	http://www.ancientgreece.co.uk/sparta/home_set.html	The Spartan Army was instrumental in defeating the Persians.
Olympics	first recorded 776	on the plains of Olymipia, Greece	honor the Gods	Most important race was running. Every four years the city-states competed.
Homer	751-651	b. Smyrna, Turkey- d. Ios, Greece		Illiad, Odyssey, blind wandering singer of ballads (poems)
Solon	594	Athens		built foundation for democracy; first government to include all people; release poor from their debts/slavery
Cleisthenes	570-508	Athens		reformed constitution; "Father [founder] of Athenean Democracy"
Pisistratus	r. 561-527	ruled Athens		aided the poor; established the Panathenaic Festival (every 4yrs. contests in music, poetry, chariot racing,...)
Pericles	495-429			Buit Accropolis temples; Height of Athenean democracy(460)
Greco-Persian Wars	490-479	http://iranpoliticsclub.net/maps/images/038%20Greco-Persian%20Wars%20499%20BC-479%20BC%20Campaigns%202%20Map.jpg		Victors: Greek-city states
Battle of Marathon	490		First Persian Invasion	Greece repelled at the Battle of Marathon; first marathon-runner sent to Athens to tell of the victory
Herodotus	484-425	Greek historian		wrote The Persian Wars, encouraged research in histories
Battle at Thermopylae	480	Pass of Thermopylae	Second Persian invasion of Greeece;first battle	Greek allies with 300 Spartas (with King Leonaidas). The Spartas...held the pass for three days, then were encircled, and cut down to a man. Victor: Persians
Battle at Salamis	29 Sept. 480	Naval Battle	Second Persian invasion of Greece; second battle	Victor: Athens
Battle at Plataea	479	land battle	Second Persian Invasion of Greece; third battle	Victor Sparta; Persians did not continue. Longlasting peace in Greece led to The Classical Greek Age
Golden Age of Athens/ Classical Greek Age	479-404 (336)	Athens, Greece	The period of peace during which Greek advanced in philosopy, arts, medicine, histories, mathematics, and science.	Ends with Athens defeat during the Peloponnesian War .
Socrates	469-399	Greek Philosopher		Sought truth & self-knowledge; "Socratic Method"= respond with a question; trial = choose exile or poison
Thucydides	460-395	Greek General and historian		wrote The Peloponnesian War; promoted unbiased writing of histories
Hippocrates	ca. 460-377			"Father of Modern Medicine"
Peloponnesian War	431-404	http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/1260.png?v=1431030396	1) resentment of Athenian domination, 2) disagreement on form of government	Victor: Sparta and allies; Sparta became the leading influence in Greece until the Battle of Leuctra. The end of the Golden Age of Athens.
Diogenes	ca.400-ca. 325	Greek Philosopher		Cynicism
Decline of Poleis	400-323	Greece		conincides with the decline of Athens following the Peloponnesian War
Plato	399-347	Greek Philosopher	student of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle	favored rule of philosopher-king; worte The Republic, wrote The Apology explaining philosophy of Socrates
Aristotle	384-322	Greek Philosopher	Student of Plato; Tutor of Alexander the Great	"golden mean"=balance of moral extremees; Wrote Politics=favored strong, virtuous leader; studied strengths and weaknesses of governments.
Battle of Leuctra	July 6, 0371	Thebes vs. Sparta		Victor: Thebes; Sparta never fully recovered militarily
Philip II of Macedonia	359-336	http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/AncientMacedonia/images/BEFORE_PHILIP1.jpg	Macedonian King who conquered Greece	While a hostage of the Greeks he learned their greatest military secret, the phalanx formation.
Menander [məˈnandər]	ca.342-ca. 292	Greek playwright		wrote 108 comedies; won Lenaia Festival 8 times.
Battle of Chaeronea	2 August0338		Philip II defeats combined forces of Athens and Thebes	Secured the Macedonian hegemony (politico–military dominance) over Greece and the Aegean
Alexander the Great	r.336-323	Macedonia	conquered an empire	His empire stretched from Greece, Middle East, India, and Egypt; encouraged the spread of Greek culture throughout his empire.
Hellenistic Kingdoms	337-31	http://www.ancient.eu/uploads/images/display-581.jpg?v=1431035398	after Alexander's death; he had no royal heirs or appointed successors	Egypt, the Seleucid Empire, the Kingdom of Pergamon and Macedon (including Greece). Result: four full-scale wars followed by three kingdoms Egypt (w. southern Syria), Asian, and European.
Herophilus	ca. 335-ca. 280	Alexandria	Greek Physcian	Father of Anatomy; All his works lost in the destruction of the Library at Alexandria 272 AD, first to measure the pulse; cures: drugs, dietetics, and gymnastics
Battle of Issus	333	southern Anatolia	second battle of Alexander's conquest of Asia	Macedonians (Alexander) vs. Persians (Darius III). Victor: Macedonians
Alexander conquers Egypt	332	Egypt		Vicotor: Macedonia; Alexander crowned king; Founded city of Alexandria
Battle of Gaugamela (Arbela)	1st October 331	Plain of Gaugamela, near Arbela (present-day Irbīl in northern Iraq)		Decisive battle: Macedonnian - Hellenic League (Alexander) vs. Persian- Achaemenid (Darius III);Macedonias outnumbered, used a feint and flank; Darius Fled and his army paniced; Victor: Alexander of Macedonia
Persepolis destroyed	330	Parsa (`The City of the Persians’) in modern day Iran		Victor: Alexander the Great; The city was destroyed (cause still hypothesised)
Zeno	321			Stocism
Aristarchus	ca. 310-ca. 230			heliocentric solar system
Epicurus	ca. 306			philosopher
Lysimachus Kingdom		western Asia Minor, Thrace and Macedonia	kingdom built on sand	executed his heir for treson
Seleuid Kingdom	305-64	Babylon & much of Alexander's territories in the Near East		by 1st century BC the Seleuid Kingdom had faded away
Ptolemaic Egypt	305-30	Egypt		Ptoley was adviser to Alexander, appointed governor of Egypt, then King
Euclid	ca. 300			Published Elements on mathematics
Archimedes	ca. 220			advances enginering: theory of displacement, boyancy, "Eureka!"
Rosetta Stone	205/197			in Greek, demotic, and hierogyyphs
Hipparchus	190-120	Nicea		trigonometry, latitude, longitude, equinoxes
Maccabean Revolt	166-164	Judea	Antiochus IV, Epiphanessought to destroy all who worshiped God; mothers & circumcised infants were executed, defiled the Temple...	revolt against Seleucid Empire by the four sons of the priest Mattathias. The last son, Simon, negiated for the independence of Judah in exchange for support during the civil war over who would be the next king of the Seleucid Empire.	http://www.zianet.com/maxey/Inter3.htm
Rome	131			becomes dominant force in the Mediterranean
Compiled by Mrs. Julie Richey, M.A.	revised 9/23/2016