European Expansion, 1450-1700

Chapter 12: Faith, Fortune, and Fame: European Expansion, 1450-1700

­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­THE WORLD IMAGINED

·         Lure of the East

o    Eastern trade with “China” (& Japan) and “India” (southeast Asia & many Pacific Islands)

·         Imagined Peoples

·         Ptolemy’s Map was a globe (360 degrees) with Asia, Africa, and Europe

o    Ptolemy’s two errors: land covered ¾’s of the planet and the Earth as 1/6^th smaller

THE WORLD DISCOVERED

·         Fame, Fortune, and Faith: The Drive to Explore

·         New Technologies and Trade

o    Navigation instruments

§  Quadrant – aligned with North Star to determine latitude

§  Astrolabe –used in Southern Hemisphere: measured height of sun or of a known star at night

o    Chinese Explorations 1405-1433 Ming Dynasty (Admiral Zheng He) reached New World

·         The Portuguese Race for the East, 1418-1600

§  1418, Prince Henry the Navigator annual trip down the West coast of Africa

§  Bartholomew Dias – rounded tip of Africa “Cape of Good Hope”

§  Vasco da Gama

·         Trading Outposts

·         Key Dates p. 384 Exploring the World  …

·         Spain’s Westward Discoveries, 1492-1522

o    Christopher Columbus

o    Treaty of Tordesillas

o    Circumnavigating the globe

§  Ferdinand Magellan (ca. 1480-1521 killed in the Philippines) and his navigator Sevastian Elcano

·         North Europeans Join the Race, 1497-1650

o    Settlements in Canada

o    Dutch colonies

o    English colonies

CONFRONTATION OF CULTURES

of Indigenous Peoples and Empires in the Americans  (map 12.3)

·         Original Americans South of the Rio Grande

o    Agriculture

o    Empire Building

·         Original Northern Americans

·         Early Contacts

·         Conquest of the Great Empires 1520-1555

o    Cortez’s explorations        across the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan

§  Conquistadors: Spanish soldiers of fortune (gold & glory)

§  Malinche. A princess, sold into slavery; interpreter and advisor to Cortez

§  Aztecs conquered  after untimely death of captive, Montezuma

o    Francisco Pizarro (ca 1475-1541)  In 1532 the Incas fell to this conquistador

o    Successful because:1 steel weapons, 2. Horses, 3 effective written communication, and *4 germs!(disease and death followed their paths)

·         North American Contacts

o    Spaniard Hernando de Sotos (ca 1496/97-1543)

§  Florida & Georgia 1539-1543; killed many Indians; died of fever; his pigs roamed and spread disease which  killed most of the Mississippi valley peoples

§  Shipwrecked Spaniard Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca  (ca 1490-ca 1560) wrote narratives of the  Amerindians which shaped European views

·         Life and Death Under European Rule, 1550-1700

o    Enforced Labor

§  Spanish imperialism financed by the Conscripted labor , Potosi , silver mine.  Workers lived underground form Monday till Saturday.

o    Amerindians mortality

§  Disease, overwork, and abuse killed approximately 25,000,000   between 1570-1605.  1(p.375)

·         African Slave Trade

o    Previously, slavery occurred after the victors of war took the spoils.

o    Sugar plantations traded for their necessities including (slave) labor

o    African slaves originally went to the Caribbean sugar plantations

o    Impact in Africa:  generated  huge profits:  historically part of warfare; slaves were traded for guns in order to compete with neighbors; monarchies dependent on slave trade monopolies collapsed after the end  of slavery and led to economic and political down-turns.

o    Slave Rebellions:

§  25% died on the Atlantic voyage

§  Starvation, overwork, and  physical punishment

·         Gathering Souls in the New Lands

o    Virgin of Guadalupe

o    Missionaries

§  Matteo Ricci (1552-1610) a Jesuit in the court of Ming emperor Wan’li (r. 1573- 1620)

§  Memory Palaces

o    Christianity transformed

§  Dark faced Virgin Mary, venerating ancestors, African rhythms, acknowledging customs

WORLD MARKET AND COMMERCIAL REVOLUTION

·         High Prices and Profits: Trading on the World Stage

o    Inflation

§  Supply and demand drove prices up

§  Money lending drove prices up

·         Rise of Commercial Capitalism

o    Capitalists: invest funds in businesses to earn a profit

o    Entrepreneurs: business owners; world trade most lucrative

o    Capitalist ideas

o    Joint-stock companies

·         Mercantilism: Controlling the Balance of Trade

o    Economic nationalism

o    Economic regulations

·         Growth of banking

o    State Banks

·         Danger of Overspending: Spain Learns a Lesson

o    Declared bankruptcies hurt Italian and German merchants

§  Holland and England were more financially efficient

·         Redefining Work Roles

o    Women’s Work

o    Leaving the workforce

·         Piracy 1550-1700

o    Privateers (corsairs) authorized by a government to steal from other countries ships=royal patronage and pardon

§  Francis Drake (ca. 1540-1596) with Queen Elizabeth I’s backing; he harassed Spanish shipping in the Caribbean

§  Walter Raleigh ( ca 1554-1618)  was backed by Elizabeth I, but not by James I who imprisoned him in the Tower of London; executed 1618

o    Pirate Life

§  Dangerous, fickle, but drew many who had limited choices

WORLD TRANSFORMED

·         European Culture Spreads

o    Plants

§  Invasive species: dandelions, mustard, mint , chamomile, endive, spinach

§  Portuguese introduced sweet potatoes and maize in the Congo. 1(385)

o    Population mixing

§  Mestizos preserved cultures of parents

·         European Culture Transformed

o    New foods

§  Tomato was first thought poisonous because it is part of the nightshade family.

§  New Stimulants

§  Chocolate from Aztec Mexico

§  Tobacco

·         New World view

o    Scientific observation

§  Travelers studied, wrote, and drew about their observations

·         Mercator Maps

o    Coastlines and rivers more accurate

o    Gerhard Mercator , Flemish Cartographer, (1512-1594) published in 1569 flat map projection with Europe at the center.  Distortion greater (enlarges the further from the equator)

End notes on European Expansion, 1450-1700 : Ch.12

1        Sherman & Salisbury. The West in the World.

2                  2 study questions, then take the quizzes, email results http://glencoe.mheducation.com/sites/0021438374/student_view0/chapter12/chapter_summaries.html    

3                  3 Primary source investigator from McGraw Hill Education http://psi.mhhe.com/current/psi.php?editionId=52

4                 4 Sherman & Salisbury. The West in the World. ed. 1 McGraw Hill Education. http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/history/west/sherman/student/olc/chap11outline.mhtml (outline with primary source links).